Tundras are some of the Earth’s most extreme and fascinating ecosystems.  Characterized by their treeless landscapes, harsh climates, and unique biodiversity, these regions play a critical role in regulating the planet’s climate and supporting life in unexpected ways.  From the expansive Arctic tundra to the alpine tundras perched high on mountains, these frozen landscapes tell stories of resilience, adaptation, and ancient history.  Here are the top 10 largest tundras in the world, ranked by size, along with their unique characteristics, histories, and the wonders they hold.

#1: Arctic Tundra – 5.4 Million Square Miles

The Arctic Tundra, spanning a staggering 5.4 million square miles across Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Scandinavia, and Russia, is the largest tundra on Earth.  This vast, treeless expanse is dominated by permafrost and a short growing season that supports hardy plants like mosses, lichens, and dwarf shrubs.  Despite its harsh conditions, the Arctic Tundra is teeming with life, from caribou and Arctic foxes to migratory birds that flock here during the summer.  Indigenous peoples like the Inuit have thrived in this challenging environment for millennia, relying on its resources for sustenance and cultural traditions.  The tundra is also at the forefront of climate change discussions, as thawing permafrost releases stored carbon, affecting global climate systems.

#2: Antarctic Tundra – 5 Million Square Miles

The Antarctic Tundra covers approximately 5 million square miles, primarily on the Antarctic Peninsula and surrounding islands.  Unlike the Arctic, this tundra is colder and drier, with much of its landscape covered by ice and snow year-round.  However, small areas of exposed land support resilient mosses, lichens, and two species of flowering plants.  This tundra is home to unique wildlife, including seals and penguins, which rely on the surrounding ocean for sustenance.  Stories of early explorers, such as Ernest Shackleton and his ill-fated expedition, underscore the harshness and isolation of this environment.  Today, the Antarctic Tundra remains a focus for scientific research and conservation efforts.

#3: Siberian Tundra – 3 Million Square Miles

The Siberian Tundra spans roughly 3 million square miles across northern Russia, making it one of the most extensive tundra regions in the world.  This rugged landscape is characterized by vast plains of permafrost, scattered rivers, and sparse vegetation.  It is home to iconic species like reindeer, snow leopards, and musk oxen.  The tundra also holds remnants of ancient megafauna, with woolly mammoth remains often uncovered in the permafrost.  Indigenous peoples such as the Nenets have a deep connection to this land, herding reindeer across its vast expanse.  The Siberian Tundra is also a critical area for understanding climate change, as melting permafrost releases greenhouse gases.

#4: Alaskan Tundra – 200,000 Square Miles

The Alaskan Tundra covers approximately 200,000 square miles, stretching from the Brooks Range to the Arctic Ocean.  This tundra is a haven for wildlife, including polar bears, moose, and migratory birds like snow geese and tundra swans.  The landscape features a mix of wetlands, rivers, and frozen ground, creating a dynamic ecosystem.  Anecdotes from early gold rush settlers highlight the challenges and beauty of living in this remote region.  Today, the Alaskan Tundra faces threats from oil exploration and climate change, making conservation efforts increasingly important.

#5: Canadian Tundra – 1.5 Million Square Miles

The Canadian Tundra, covering about 1.5 million square miles, stretches across the northern territories of Canada.  It is a land of extremes, where winter temperatures plunge to -50°F and summer brings bursts of wildflowers.  This tundra supports species like Arctic hares, lemmings, and wolves, as well as migratory birds.  Indigenous groups such as the Inuit have thrived here for centuries, adapting to the challenging environment.  The Canadian Tundra also holds vast natural resources, including oil, gas, and minerals, sparking debates about development versus preservation.

#6: Scandinavian Tundra – 1 Million Square Miles

The Scandinavian Tundra spans 1 million square miles across Norway, Sweden, and Finland.  This region is characterized by rocky landscapes, scattered birch forests, and alpine tundra at higher elevations.  Reindeer herding has been a cornerstone of Sami culture for generations, with herders navigating the tundra’s challenging terrain.  The Scandinavian Tundra is also a popular destination for eco-tourism, offering opportunities to witness the Northern Lights and explore pristine wilderness.

#7: Greenland Tundra – 800,000 Square Miles

The Greenland Tundra, covering 800,000 square miles, is largely dominated by ice but includes areas of exposed land along the coast.  These regions support hardy plants and wildlife like musk oxen and Arctic foxes.  The tundra’s ice sheet holds a staggering amount of the world’s freshwater and plays a crucial role in regulating global sea levels.  Stories of Norse settlers and Inuit migration highlight the tundra’s historical significance.  Today, melting ice sheets bring Greenland into the spotlight for climate research.

#8: Patagonian Tundra – 200,000 Square Miles

The Patagonian Tundra, located in southern Argentina and Chile, spans 200,000 square miles and is characterized by wind-swept plains and rugged terrain.  This tundra supports unique wildlife, including guanacos, Andean condors, and the elusive puma.  Anecdotes of early explorers like Charles Darwin, who marveled at Patagonia’s stark beauty, add to its allure.  The region’s dramatic landscapes make it a favorite for adventurers and researchers alike.

#9: Tibetan Plateau Tundra – 970,000 Square Miles

The Tibetan Plateau Tundra covers approximately 970,000 square miles, making it the highest and largest alpine tundra in the world.  Located in China, Nepal, and India, this tundra features unique wildlife like snow leopards, yaks, and Tibetan antelope.  It is often referred to as the “Roof of the World” and holds immense cultural and spiritual significance for local communities.  Stories of pilgrims and mountaineers navigating its harsh terrain highlight its awe-inspiring nature.

#10: Mongolian Tundra – 200,000 Square Miles

The Mongolian Tundra, covering about 200,000 square miles, is a region of extremes, where nomadic herders tend their livestock across vast, open landscapes.  This tundra supports species like wild yaks and argali sheep, as well as migratory birds.  The Mongolian Tundra’s history is deeply tied to its people, who have adapted to its harsh conditions for centuries.  Today, it remains a vital cultural and ecological region.

Tundras are some of the world’s most remarkable landscapes, showcasing the resilience of life in extreme conditions.  From the expansive Arctic Tundra to the high-altitude Tibetan Plateau, these ecosystems are not only vital for biodiversity but also hold deep cultural and historical significance.  Preserving these fragile environments is essential to understanding and protecting the planet’s delicate balance.